Technical posts under the Cell Chemistry category.
Browse all blogsSodium-ion battery manufacturing differs from lithium-ion in three specific ways: the anode current collector is aluminium (not copper), the electrolyte salt is NaPF₆ (not LiPF₆), and the anode material is hard carbon (n
Sodium-ion batteries have no single dominant cathode chemistry — unlike lithium-ion where NMC and LFP have converged as the two primary commercial choices. Three cathode families compete in Na-ion: layered transition met
LFP (lithium iron phosphate) is the safety-first, low-cost choice that already dominates Indian EVs. Sodium-ion is trying to undercut LFP's cost while accepting an energy density penalty. Whether Na-ion beats LFP for any
Sodium is the sixth most abundant element in Earth's crust. It is in every ocean, every salt flat, and every kitchen. Lithium, by contrast, is concentrated in a handful of geopolitical flashpoints — Chile, Bolivia, Argen
Predicting how long an EV battery will last under a specific set of operating conditions requires a quantitative model linking temperature, SOC, C-rate, and cycle depth to capacity fade rate. Empirical Arrhenius-based mo
Battery capacity fade has three distinct molecular-level origins: lithium inventory loss (lithium consumed in SEI formation and ongoing growth, making it permanently unavailable for cycling), active material loss (cathod
Calendar aging follows the Arrhenius equation: every 10°C increase in temperature approximately doubles the rate. Cycle aging follows an empirical power law: capacity loss scales with cycle count raised to a fractional e
Your EV's battery is aging right now, even if it is parked and not being used. There are two separate aging processes running simultaneously — calendar aging (time-based, affected by temperature and state of charge) and
Choosing between NMC and LFP for a commercial EV pack is not a chemistry decision — it is a system engineering decision. The cell that wins on the datasheet often loses in the field. Here is how to think about it correct
The electrochemistry of solid-state batteries is understood. The interface mechanisms are being characterised. The unresolved question — the one that determines whether solid-state becomes a mass-market technology or an
The dendrite problem in solid-state batteries is not the same as the dendrite problem in liquid electrolyte cells. It is governed by fracture mechanics, not electrochemical kinetics. Stack pressure is not just a contact
The solid electrolyte is not just a safer swap for liquid. It changes the ion transport physics, introduces mechanical stress that liquid never had, and creates an interface problem that no liquid electrolyte battery eng
Every few months a headline announces that solid-state batteries will change everything in 3 years. Toyota said it. Samsung said it. QuantumScape said it. The technology is real — but the gap between a lab cell and a car
The three numbers in NMC chemistry are a stoichiometric ratio that encodes the entire engineering trade-off between energy density, cycle life, thermal stability, and cost. Understanding what shifts when you move from NM